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Syria–Lebanon Campaign
The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter,〔Playfair, p. 203〕 was the Allied invasion of Vichy French-controlled Syria and Lebanon in June–July 1941, during World War II. ''Time'' magazine referred to the fighting as a "mixed show"〔''Time'' magazine, (Mixed Show )〕 while it was taking place and the campaign remains little known, even in the countries that took part. There is evidence that Allied censors acted to suppress or reduce reportage of the fierce fighting.〔Brune, p.48〕 Senior Allied commanders and/or politicians believed that knowledge of fighting against French forces could have a negative effect on public opinion in Allied countries.
==Background==
The Allied offensive was aimed at preventing Nazi Germany from using the Vichy French-controlled Syrian Republic and French Lebanon as springboards for attacks on the Allied stronghold of Egypt, as the Allies fought a campaign against Axis forces further west in North Africa. Although the French had ceded autonomy to Syria in September 1936, they had retained treaty rights to maintain armed forces and two airfields in the territory. From 1 April, after a ''coup d'état'', Iraq was controlled by pro-German rebel forces under Rashid Ali. This eventually led to the outbreak of the Anglo-Iraqi War, which ended in British control over neighbouring Iraq.
In May 1941, Admiral François Darlan signed an agreement with the Germans known as the "Paris Protocols". Darlan signed on behalf of Vichy France and the agreement granted the Germans access to military facilities in Syria.〔Keegan p. 676〕 Though the protocols were never ratified, Charles Huntziger, the Vichy Minister of War, sent orders to Henri Dentz, the High Commissioner for the Levant. In accordance with these orders, aircraft of the German Air Force (''Luftwaffe'') and the Italian Royal Air Force (''Regia Aeronautica'') were allowed to refuel in Syria. Disguised as Iraqi aircraft, the German and Italian aircraft landed in Syria ''en route'' to the Kingdom of Iraq during the Anglo-Iraqi War. The Germans also requested permission from the Vichy authorities to use Syrian railways to send armaments to Iraqi rebels in Mosul. There Archibald Wavell—Commander in Chief of Middle East Command—faced a threat posed by Vichy collaboration with Germany and Italy.
On 14 May, a British Bristol Blenheim bomber flying a reconnaissance mission over Palmyra spotted a Junkers Ju 90 transport taking off, with more German and Italian aircraft seen later that day, resulting in a strafing mission being authorised later that evening.〔Shores and Ehrengardt ''Air Pictorial'' July 1970, p.242.〕 Attacks against German and Italian aircraft staging through Syria continued, with a total of six Axis aircraft being claimed as destroyed by 8 June, while Vichy French forces claimed to have shot down a Blenheim on 28 May, with a further Blenheim being forced down on 2 June. A Vichy French Martin 167F bomber was shot down by the RAF over Palestine on 6 June.〔Shores and Ehrengardt ''Air Pictorial'' July 1970, pp. 242–244.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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